Использование генетического потенциала родов Thinopyrum и Agropyron для защиты пшеницы от болезней и абиотических стрессов

Мягкая пшеница – одна из важнейших продовольственных культур в мире. Сборы ее зерна можно увеличить, сократив потери от болезней и стрессов окружающей среды. Третичный генофонд, включая виды рода Thinopyrum, является ценным ресурсом для увеличения генетического разнообразия и повышения устойчивости пшеницы к грибным заболеваниям и абиотическим стрессам. Отдаленная гибридизация между пшеницей и Thinopyrum spp. была начата в 1920-х гг. в России и позднее продолжена в разных странах. Основные результаты получены с использованием видов Th. ponticum и Th. intermedium. Дополнительно был создан интрогрессивный материал на основе видов Th. elongatum, Th. bessarabicum, Th. junceiforme, Agropyron cristatum.

В статье приведен обзор результатов применения генетического материала видов рода Thinopyrum для повышения устойчивости пшеницы к болезням (бурой, стеблевой и желтой ржавчине, мучнистой росе, фузариозу колоса и септориозным пятнистостям) и абиотическим стрессам (засухе, экстремальным температурам и засолению). Описаны подходы к улучшению агрономических свойств интрогрессивного селекционного материала (применение радиации, ph-мутантов и компенсирующих робертсоновских транслокаций). Проанализирован опыт длительной защиты пшеницы от листовой и стеблевой ржавчины в мире с помощью ряда генов третичного генофонда. Вид Th. ponticum является нехозяином для Puccinia triticina (Ptr) и P. graminis f. sp. tritici(Pgt) и подавляет развитие ржавчинных грибов на поверхности растений. Образцы пшеницы с пырейными генами Lr19, Lr38, Sr24, Sr25 и Sr26 проявляют защитные механизмы, сходные с механизмами нехозяев, что приводит к нарушению развития поверхностных инфекционных структур и гибели грибов при попытке внедрения в устьица (прегаусториальная устойчивость или устьичный иммунитет). Очевидно, изменение химических свойств поверхностных структур рас, вирулентных к Lr19, Lr24, Sr24, Sr25 и Sr26, приводит к снижению их приспособленности к среде, что влияет на длительность устойчивости сортов к ржавчинным болезням. Чужеродные гены с аналогичным эффектом представляют интерес для селекции сортов с длительной устойчивостью к ржавчинным заболеваниям, а также конструирования культуры с помощью молекулярных технологий.

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