Структура и эволюция метаполицентромер

Метаполицентромеры состоят из нескольких последовательных доменов центромерного хроматина, связанных со специфичным для центромеры вариантом гистона H3 – CENP-A, которые вместе функционируют как одна центромера. Они были открыты недавно и обнаружены у девяти видов цветковых растений, пяти видов насекомых и шести видов позвоночных животных. В данном обзоре рассматриваются структура метаполицентромер и возможные механизмы их возникновения и эволюции. Метаполицентромеры могут различаться по количеству центромерных доменов, последовательностям ДНК и эпигенетическим модификациям. Однако эти различия, по-видимому, не влияют на их функцию. Появление метаполицентромер объясняют множественными робертсоновскими транслокациями и сегментными дупликациями. В условиях геномной нестабильности (при межвидовой гибридизации и в ходе канцерогенеза) метаполицентромеры могут возникать de novo. Гипотеза центромерного драйва представляется убедительным объяснением эволюции центромер в целом и образования метаполицентромер и голоцентромер в частности. По-видимому, метаполицентромеры встречаются чаще, чем принято считать. Систематический обзор доступных цитогенетических публикаций позволил нам дополнительно идентифицировать 27 видов-кандидатов с метаполицентромерами. Таким образом, список уже установленных и вновь найденных видов-кандидатов охватывает 27 видов цветковых и восемь видов голосеменных растений, пять видов насекомых и семь видов позвоночных животных. Виды, включенные в этот список, спорадически распределены по филогенетическому древу. Это может указывать на независимое эволюционное возникновение метаполицентромер. Однако существующий список видов с идентифицированными и предполагаемыми метаполицентромерами слишком короткий, чтобы сделать надежные выводы об их эволюции, особенно в отсутствие знаний о родственных видах без метаполицентромер для сравнительного анализа. Необходимы дополнительные исследования для того, чтобы пролить свет на механизмы образования и эволюции метаполицентромер. 

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