Пограничные клетки корневого чехлика как регулятор ризосферной микробиоты

Ризосфера (почва, окружающая корни растения) – это экологическая ниша, внутри которой полезные микроорганизмы и патогены конкурируют друг с другом за органические углеродные соединения и возможность колонизации корней. Для взаимодействия с микробиотой корни выделяют в ризосферу ризодепозиты, к которым относят пограничные клетки, продукты гибели клеток корня и секретируемые живыми клетками жидкости (корневые экссудаты). Пограничные клетки, получившие свое название ввиду их локализации в почве рядом с корнем (на границе корня и почвы), представляют собой конечный этап дифференцировки клеток корневого чехлика. Слущивание пограничных клеток с поверхности корневого чехлика может происходить как одиночными клетками, так и рядами клеток. Пограничные клетки постоянно поставляются в почву на протяжении всей жизни растения, а тип и интенсивность слущивания пограничных клеток определяются как видом растений, так и почвенными условиями. В настоящее время появились данные о факторах, контролирующих тип слущивания, а также исследования этого процесса и его регуляции у разных видов растений. Пограничные клетки специализированы для взаимодействия с внешней средой, в частности, они служат живым барьером между корнем и почвенной микробиотой. После отделения от кончика корня в пограничных клетках снижается уровень первичного метаболизма и повышается число транскриптов генов вторичного метаболизма, усиливаются синтез компонентов и выделение слизи, содержащей вторичные метаболиты, внеклеточную ДНК, протеогликаны и другие вещества. Слизь, в которую пограничные клетки оказываются погруженными, служит как для привлечения микроорганизмов, способствующих росту растения, так и для защиты корня от патогенов. В настоящем обзоре описаны взаимодействия пограничных клеток с различными видами микроорганизмов и продемонстрирована их важность для роста растений и их устойчивости к болезням. Эти аспекты могут быть использованы в генной инженерии и селекции для усиления полезных функций пограничных клеток, что, в свою очередь, откроет новые горизонты для повышения урожайности и устойчивости сельскохозяйственных культур.

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