Interrelations between the main seed quality characteristics of narrowleaf lupine from the VIR collection

   The widespread use of narrowleaf lupine (NLL, Lupinus angustifolius L.) as a feed and food crop requires source material for breeding cultivars with high-quality seeds. The priority criterion for attributing NLL cultivars to the feed or food category is the content of alkaloids. At the same time, equally important seed quality indicators are the protein and oil content, as well as moisture content, which determines the possibility of long-term storage of seeds. For the first time in Russian lupine science, an attempt was made to study the relationships between all the listed characteristics of narrowleaf lupine seeds under the conditions of Northwest Russia (Pushkin town). Sixty-two accessions from the VIR collection were studied in 2019, 2020 and 2022. The range of variability of the studied characteristics was 27.8–37.6 % for protein, 3.9–7.3 % for oil, 1.6–2017.4 mg/100 g of dry matter (D.M.) for alkaloids, and 6.4–7.3 % for moisture. A significant negative correlation between the oil and protein content (–0.33) was observed only in 2019. No significant correlations between the protein and alkaloid content were found in the studied sample. Significant negative relationships were identified between the content of oil and alkaloids only in 2019 and 2020 (–0.38 and –0.27, respectively). In 2022, no correlations were identified. Obviously, the identification of regularities in these correlations requires many years of research taking into account weather conditions. The influence of weather on the concentration of alkaloids in seeds has been proven. The average amount of alkaloids for the sample in 2019 was 504.2 ± 77.7 mg/100 g D.M., 263.7 ± 38.6 mg/100 g D.M. in 2020, and 319.8 ± 51.4 mg/100 g D.M. in 2022. It confirmed the data previously obtained by the authors that the content of alkaloids in seeds increases significantly along with the precipitation deficiency. The temperature regime during this research did not affect this indicator. An increased air temperature contributed to the accumulation of oil, and an increase in precipitation contributed to the accumulation of protein. The most stable indica-
tor independent of environmental conditions was the seed moisture. Accessions with the optimal combination of the main biochemical parameters that determine seed quality have been identified for breeding narrowleaf lupine cultivars in the region in question for feed and food purposes, as well as for green manure.

1. Ageeva P.A., Pochutina N.A. Results of the narrowleafed lupin variety testing. Zernobobovye i Krupânye Kul’tury = Legumes and Groat Crops. 2018;27(3):77-81. doi: 10.24411/2309-348X-2018-11037 (in Russian)

2. Amirjani M. Effects of drought stress on the alkaloid contents and growth parameters of Catharanthus roseus. J Agric Biol Sci. 2013; 8(11):745-750

3. Benken I.I., Kurlovich B.S., Kartuzova L.T., Nikishkina M.A., Vlasov V.A., Kutuzova E.A., Nazarova N.S., Pilipenko S.I., Rybnikova V.A. Narrow-leafed lupine – Lupinus angustifolius L.: Biochemical characterization of specimens. In: VIR World Collection Catalog. Iss. 637. St. Petersburg, 1993 (in Russian)

4. Christiansen J.L., Jørnsgård B., Buskov S., Olsen C. E. Effect of drought stress on content and composition of seed alkaloids in narrow-leafed lupin, Lupinus angustifolius L. Eur J Agron. 1997;7:307-314. doi: 10.1016/S1161-0301(97)00017-8

5. Cowling W., Tarr A. Effect of genotype and environment on seed quality in sweet narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.). Aust J Agric Res. 2004;55(7):745-751. doi: 10.1071/AR03223

6. Czepiel K., Krajewski P., Wilczura P., Bielecka P., Święcicki W., Kroc M. Expression profiles of alkaloid-related genes across the organs of narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) and in response to anthracnose infection. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:2676. doi: 10.3390/ijms22052676

7. De Cortes Sánchez M., Altares P., Pedrosa M.M., Burbano C., Cuadrado C., Goyoaga C., Muzquiz M., Jiménez-Martı́nez C., Dávila-Ortiz G. Alkaloid variation during germination in different lupin species. Food Chem. 2005;90(3):347-355. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.04.008

8. Egorova G.P., Solovyova A.E., Proskuryakova G.I. Genetic resources of the VIR lupine collection for breeding. In: Abstracts of the Int. Sci.-Pract. Conf. “New Varieties of Lupine, Technology for their Cultivation and Processing, Adaptation to Farming Systems and Livestock Breeding”, 3–4 July, 2017. Bryansk, Russia, 2017;13-23 (in Russian)

9. Egorova G.P., Shelenga T.V., Proskuryakova G.I. Biochemical characterization of of lupin (Lupinus L.) seeds from the VIR collection. Zernobobovye i Krupânye Kul’tury = Legumes and Groat Crops. 2019;31(3):79-87. doi: 10.24411/2309-348X-2019-11118 (in Russian)

10. Frick K., Kamphuis L., Siddique K., Singh K., Foley R. Quinolizidine alkaloid biosynthesis in lupins and prospects for grain quality improvement. Front Plant Sci. 2017;8:1-12. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00087

11. Frick K., Foley R., Kamphuis L.G., Siddiqu K., Gar G., Singh K.B. Characterization of the genetic factors affecting quinolizidine alkaloid biosynthesis and its response to abiotic stress in narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.). Plant Cell Environ. 2018;41:2155-2168. doi: 10.1111/pce.13172

12. Jaleel C.A., Manivannan P., Kishorekumar A., Sankar B., Gopi R., Somasundaram R. Alterations in osmoregulation, antioxidantenzymes and indole alkaloid levels in Catharanthus roseus exposed to water deficit. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2007;59:150-157. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2007.05.001

13. Kleinwächter M., Selmar D. New insights explain that drought stress enhances the quality of spice and medicinal plants: potential applications. Agron Sustain Dev. 2015;35(1):121-131. doi: 10.1007/s13593-014-0260-3

14. Kuptsov N.S., Takunov I.P. Lupine: Genetics, Breeding, Heterogeneous Cultivation. Bryansk, 2006 (in Russian)

15. Kushnareva A.V., Shelengа T.V., Perchuk I.N., Egorova G.P., Malyshev L.L., Kerv Yu.A., Shavarda A.L., Vishnyakova M.A. Selection of an optimal method for screening the collection of narrow-leaved lupine held by the Vavilov Institute for the qualitative and quantitative composition of seed alkaloids. Vavilov J Genet Breed. 2020;24(8):829-835. doi 10.18699/VJ20.680

16. Lee M.J., Pate J.S., Harris D.J., Atkins C.A. Synthesis, transport and accumulation of quinolizidine alkaloids in Lupinus albus L. and L. an gustifolius L. J Exp Bot. 2007;58:935-946. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erl254

17. Maknickienė Z., Asakavičiūtė R. Alkaloid content variations in lupin (Lupinus L.) genotypes and vegetation periods. Biologija. 2008;54: 112-115. doi: 10.2478/v10054-008-0023-7

18. Popov V.S., Salikova A.V., Perchuk I.N., Konkova N.G., Egorova G.P., Vishnyakova M.A., Shelenga T.V. Rapid assessment of the main economic value indicators in lupine flour samples using infrared spectroscopy. Trudy po Prikladnoi Botanike, Genetike i Selektsii = Proceedings on Applied Botany, Genetics and Breeding. 2024;185(1): 99-108. doi: 10.30901/2227-8834-2024-1-99-108 (in Russian)

19. Sengbusch R. Bitterstoffarme lupinen. II. Züchter. 1931;4:93-109

20. Siger A., Grygier A., Czubinski J. Comprehensive characteristic of lipid fraction as a distinguishing factor of three lupin seed species. J Food Compos Anal. 2017;115:104945. doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104945

21. Specification No. 9716-004-00668502-2008. Food Lupin. Available at: https://e-ecolog.ru/crc/57.01.01.000.%D0%A2.000230.05.08?ysclid=l4sa0dtvbn325210024 (Accessed June 24, 2022) (in Russian)

22. Staples K.D., Hamama1 A.A., Knight-Mason R., Bhardwaj H.L. Alkaloids in white lupin and their effects on symbiotic N fixation. J Agric Sci. 2017;9(6):13. doi: 10.5539/jas.v9n6p13

23. State Register of Selection Achievements Authorized for Use for Production Purposes. Vol. 1. Plant Varieties (official publication). Moscow, 2023 (in Russian)

24. State Standard R 54632-2011. Fodder Lupine. Specification. 2013. Available at: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200093158?ysclid=l4s80m228h216628534 (Accessed May 7, 2024) (in Russian)

25. State Standard R 52325-2005. Seeds of Agricultural Plants. Varietal and Sowing Characteristics. General Specifications. Available at: https://internet-law.ru/gosts/gost/4709/?ysclid=lwgcrx2jpt453276006 (Accessed May 21, 2024) (in Russian)

26. Szabó B., Tyihák E., Szabó G., Botz L. Mycotoxin and drought stress-induced change of alkaloid content of Papaver somniferum plantlets. Acta Bot Hung. 2003;45:409-417. doi: 10.1556/ABot.45.2003.3-4.15

27. Taran T.V., Tsvik G.S. The influence of growing conditions on the chemical composition of narrow-leaved lupine. In: Abstracts of the Int. Sci.-Pract. Conf. “New Varieties of Lupine, Technology for their Cultivation and Processing, Adaptation to Farming Systems and Livestock Breeding”, 3–4 July, 2017. Bryansk, Russia, 2017;35-40 (in Russian)

28. Vishniyakova M.A., Seferova I.V., Buravtseva T.V., Burlyaeva M.O., Semenova E.V., Filipenko G.I., Aleksandrova T.G., Egorova G.P., Yankov I.I., Bulyntsev S.V., Gerasimova T.V., Drugova E.V. VIR Global Collection of Grain Legume Crop Genetic Resources: Replenishment, Conservation and Studying. Methodological Guidelines. St. Petersburg: VIR, 2018. doi: 10.30901/978-5-905954-79-5 (in Russian)

29. Vishnyakova M.A., Krylova E.A. Prospects for obtaining low-alkaloid and adaptive forms of narrow-leafed lupine based on the genome and transcriptome resources of the species. Biotekhnologiya i Selektsiya Rastenij = Plant Biotechnology and Breeding. 2022;5(2): 5-14. doi: 10.30901/2658-6266-2022-2-o1 (in Russian)

30. Vishnyakova M.A., Kushnareva A.V., Shelenga T.V., Egorova G.P. Alkaloids of narrow-leaved lupine as a factor determining alternative ways of the crop’s utilization and breeding. Vavilov J Genet Breed. 2020;24(6):625-635. doi: 10.18699/VJ20.656

31. Vishnyakova M.A., Salikova A.V., Shelenga T.V., Egorova G.P., Novikova L.Y. Alkaloid content variability in the seeds of narrow-leafed lupine accessions from the VIR collection under the conditions of the Russian Northwest. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii = Vavilov J Genet Breed. 2023;27(2):119. doi: 10.18699/VJGB-23-17

32. Waller G.R., Nowacki E.K. Alkaloid Biology and Metabolism in Plants. New York: Plenum Press, 1978. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4684-0772-3

33. Wang X.-F., Jing X.-M., Zheng G.-H. Effect of seed moisture content on seed storage longevity. Acta Bot Sinica. 2001;43:551-557

34. Wink M. Plant breeding: Low or high alkaloid content. In: Proc. of the 6^th Int. Lupin Conf. 25–30 Nov. 1990. Temuco-Pucón, Chile. Int. Lupin Association, 1991;326-334

35. Wink M. Allelochemical properties or the raison d’être of alkaloids. The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Pharmacology. 1993;43:1-118. doi: 10.1016/S0099-9598(08)60134-0

36. Wink M., Meißner C., Witte L. Patterns of quinolizidine alkaloids in 56 species of the genus Lupinus. Phytochemistry. 1995;38:139-153. doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(95)91890-d