Симбиоз внутриклеточных бактерий Wolbachia с насекомыми: некоторые итоги ста лет изучения

   Wolbachia pipientis – α-протеобактерия, широко распространенный внутриклеточный симбионт у ряда видов Arthropoda и некоторых видов Nematoda. Вместе с насекомыми W. pipientis образует систему «симбионт–хозяин», характеризующуюся очень тесными взаимодействиями между ее компонентами. Влияния в обоих направлениях, которые оказывает как вольбахия на хозяина, так и хозяин на вольбахию, являются важными биотическими факторами для обеих составляющих этой симбиотической системы. Вольбахия способна оказывать воздействие как на размножение хозяина, так и на работу соматических органов. Благодаря своей распространенности среди насекомых и большому разнообразию как отрицательных (среди самых известных примеров – цитоплазматическая несовместимость и андроцид), так и положительных эффектов (повышение устойчивости к биотическим и абиотическим факторам, обеспечение витаминами и метаболитами), оказываемых на организм хозяина, вольбахия вызывает огромный интерес у энтомологов и микробиологов. Разнообразие вызываемых вольбахией фенотипов хозяина обеспечивает широкий выбор эволюционных стратегий, таких как репродуктивный паразитизм или взаимовыгодные отношения между симбионтом и хозяином, которыми она пользуется. Влияние вольбахии необходимо учитывать при постановке любого эксперимента, проводимого на насекомых. Применение технологий секвенирования привело к появлению новых подходов для изучения существующих связей внутри системы «Wolbachia–насекомое», однако интерпретация полученных данных представляет определенную сложность. Тем не менее перспективы использования данных полногеномного анализа для изучения коэволюции Wolbachia и хозяина не вызывают сомнений. Активно осуществляются проекты по внедрению в популяции насекомых штаммов вольбахии, обеспечивающих противовирусную защиту хозяина, для контроля распространения РНК-вирусов, что может способствовать
спасению многих человеческих жизней.

   Целью этого обзора стало обобщение данных, полученных учеными за прошедшие сто лет изучения Wolbachia, и современных представлений о ее генетическом разнообразии и механизмах взаимодействия с хозяином, в том числе основанных на данных транскриптомного анализа.

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