Молекулярно-генетические механизмы формирования окраски плодов и семян растений

Разнообразная окраска плодов и семян растений определяется наличием двух важных типов пигментов – каротиноидов (красная, оранжевая, желтая) и антоцианов (фиолетовая, синяя, красная). Они принадлежат к двум группам вторичных метаболитов – изопреноидам и флавоноидам. В последнее время наблюдается повышенный интерес к изучению генетических механизмов, контролирующих признаки окраски у растений, в связи с антиоксидантными и антимикробными свойствами определенных пигментов и их бесцветных предшественников, употребляемых c растительной пищей. Гены, кодирующие ферменты, необходимые для последовательных превращений исходных органических молекул в конечные пигментные соединения, относят к группе структурных генов. Факторы, активирующие экспрессию структурных генов и контролирующие синтез определенных пигментов в конкретный момент времени в какой-либо части растения, относят к регуляторным генам биосинтеза. Накопленные к настоящему моменту данные в области генетики растений свидетельствуют о том, что наблюдаемое на фенотипическом уровне межвидовое и внутривидовое разнообразие по признакам окраски связано именно с регуляторными генами. Создание в предшествующие годы богатых коллекций и точных генетических моделей по признакам окраски у двудольных и однодольных растений, а также развитие молекулярно-генетических методов исследования растений позволили детально изучить механизмы генетической регуляции синтеза пигментных соединений на молекулярном уровне. В данной статье особенности регуляции биосинтеза каротиноидов проиллюстрированы на примере их образования в плодах семейства Solanaceae. Генетическая регуляция синтеза различных флавоноидных пигментов показана на примере изучения окраски семян у растений семейства Poaceae. В заключительной части работы обсуждается перспектива практического использования регуляторных генов, контролирующих окраску плодов и семян, приводятся конкретные примеры их применения в селекции овощных и злаковых культур.

растения, пигментация, вторичные метаболиты, флавоноиды, каротиноиды, антиоксиданты, регуляторные гены, маркер-ориентированная селекция, Solanaceae, Poaceae

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