Аквапорины и их роль в растительно-микробных системах

Мировые потери сельскохозяйственной продукции из-за дефицита воды, вероятно, более значительны, чем от других причин, вместе взятых. Причины дефицита воды у растений могут быть связаны с недостатком атмосферных осадков, высокой температурой воздуха и другими факторами, которые могут привести к снижению содержания доступной для растений воды в почве. Большинство наземных растений способно вступать в симбиоз с грибами арбускулярной микоризы. Такой симбиоз выполняет ключевую роль в минеральном питании многих видов наземных растений. Транспорт воды в растениях, ее использование регулируются, в первую очередь, с участием трансмембранных белков – аквапоринов. С помощью аквапоринов растение может «экономить» воду, что является важным элементом стратегии адаптации растения к условиям дефицита воды. По некоторым сведениям, грибы арбускулярной микоризы в условиях засухи способны снижать экспрессию генов аквапоринов растения, тем самым уменьшая транспорт воды внутри тканей растения-хозяина, что приводит к ее «экономии». С другой стороны, в настоящее время в научной литературе информации о механизмах взаимодействия растения и грибов арбускулярной микоризы при регуляции работы аквапоринов недостаточно. Кроме того, имеющиеся в различных источниках сведения о работе аквапоринов у разных видов растений могут противоречить друг другу. Аквапорины в растениях представлены несколькими подсемействами, и их число для разных видов варьирует. Изучение этого семейства транспортеров важно для понимания водного транспорта в растениях и оценки влияния на него со стороны грибов арбускулярной микоризы. В обзоре собраны данные об истории изучения, структуре, локализации, филогении, функциях аквапоринов. Развитие знаний о функционировании симбиотических систем будет способствовать созданию биоудобрений на основе микробной биомассы для использования в сельском хозяйстве Российской Федерации.

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