Современные методы в исследованиях генома персика (Prunus persica)

Персик (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) – одна из основных сельскохозяйственных плодовых косточковых культур семейства розоцветных. Современная селекция направлена на улучшение качества плодов, расширение сроков их получения, создание сортов с устойчивостью к неблагоприятным условиям среды и снижение общих затрат на производство культивируемых сортов. При этом селекция персика – долгий процесс: от гибридизации родительских форм до получения плодоносящих деревьев проходит 10–15 лет. Исследования сор тов персика как доноров желаемых признаков начались с 1980-х годов. Первый вариант генома персика был представлен в 2013 г., и его появление способствовало определению и локализации локусов, с последующим обнаружением генов-кандидатов, под чьим контролем находится хозяйственно ценный признак. Развитие методов NGS ускорило продвижение подходов, основанных на применении диагностических ДНК-маркеров. К таким подходам, позволяющим ускорять процессы классической селекции, относятся маркер-ориентированная селекция и геномная селекция. Для того чтобы разработать ДНК-маркеры, ассоциированные с изучаемыми свойствами, необходимо провести предварительное картирование локусов, контролирующих хозяйственно ценные признаки, создать карты сцепления. Работы по пангеному показали необходимость анализировать большее количество образцов, так как до сих пор не хватает данных для нахождения полиморфных областей генома. Развиваются подходы использования SNP-чипов и методов генотипирования через секвенирование (GBS, genotyping-by-sequencing). В последние годы для обнаружения локусов генома, ассоциированных с хозяйственно ценными признаками, активно применяется метод полногеномного анализа ассоциаций (GWAS, genome-wide association studies), для использования которого требуется скрининг больших выборок сортов по сотням и тысячам SNP. Цель настоящего обзора – систематизация и обобщение основных достижений в области геномных исследований персика за последние 40 лет: построение карт сцепления и физических карт, получение различных молекулярных маркеров, полногеномное секвенирование для персика, а также описание существующих работ полногеномных исследований ассоциаций с маркерами SNP высокой плотности. Этот обзор обеспечивает теоретическую основу для проведения GWAS с целью выявления высокоэффективных маркеров хозяйственно ценных признаков для персика и развития геномной селекции этой культуры.

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