Механизмы регуляции передачи этиленового сигнала у растений

Фитогормон этилен регулирует широкий спектр физиологических процессов на разных этапах онтогенеза растений и ответов на воздействие различных стрессовых факторов. Среди прочих под контролем этого фитогормона находятся такие практически значимые характеристики сельскохозяйственных культур как скорость созревания плодов и устойчивость растений к неблагоприятным условиям. Вследствие этого понимание молекулярных механизмов, лежащих в основе действия этилена, на сегодняшний день является одним из основных вопросов биологии растений, как с точки зрения фундаментальных исследований, так и для решения практических задач. Биосинтез этилена из аминокислоты метионина и основные этапы пути передачи его сигнала в клетке от мембранных рецепторов до эффекторных генов изучены достаточно детально, и результаты этих исследований представлены в виде многочисленных обзоров. Гораздо меньше известно о генетической регуляции этих двух процессов, хотя именно благодаря этой регуляции обеспечивается быстрая и адекватная реакция растения на различные внутренние и внешние стимулы, а также разнообразие физиологических ответов растения на действие этилена. В настоящем обзоре обобщены данные о механизмах регуляции биосинтеза этилена и передачи его сигнала. Описываются ключевые факторы транскрипционной и посттрансляционой регуляции, контролирующие экспрессию и стабильность ключевых компонентов путей биосинтеза и передачи сигнала этилена, а также множественные обратные связи, дополняющие линейную модель сигнального пути. Особое внимание уделяется роли взаимодействия этилена с сигнальными путями других фитогормонов. Разные механизмы их взаимодействия проиллюстрированы на примере синергии или антагонизма этилена с ауксином, жасмонатами, цитокнинами и брассиностероидами. Кроме того, обсуждаются возможные молекулярные основы разнообразия физиологических ответов на этилен.

этилен, фитогормоны, морфогенез, путь передачи сигнала, регуляция транскрипции, посттрансляционная регуляция

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