Последовательности ДНК агробактериального происхождения в филогенетических исследованиях растений

Агробактериальная трансформация – наиболее распространенный метод получения трансгенных растений. Метод основан на способности определенных почвенных бактерий родов Agrobacterium и Rhizobium переносить и интегрировать в хромосому растения-реципиента фрагмент своей плазмиды. Этот фрагмент получил название Т-ДНК (transferred DNA – переносимая ДНК). В лабораторных условиях было показано, что из трансгенных клеток можно регенерировать целые растения. Вскоре стало ясно, что подобные процессы происходят и в природе, приводя к появлению природно-трансгенных растений или природных генно-инженерно-модифицированных организмов (ГМО). Таким образом, природно-трансгенными называются растения, у которых в геномах присутствуют гомологи генов Т-ДНК агробактерий (клеточные Т-ДНК, клТ-ДНК). Эти последовательности наследуются в ряду половых поколений и сохраняют свою функциональность. Кроме того, продемонстрирована возможность использования новоприобретенных растениями последовательностей в филогенетических исследованиях, поскольку клT-ДНК являются четко определенными, высокоспецифичными и узнаваемыми фрагментами ДНК, не похожими на последовательности ДНК растений. Они не встречаются у нетрансформированных предков, и их интеграция в определенном хромосомном сайте маркирует монофилетическую группу видов. В представленном обзоре освещены вопросы разнообразия клТ-ДНК, возможности их применения как филогенетических маркеров, в том числе описаны основные методические подходы таких работ, на конкретных примерах рассмотрены возможности уточнения спорных моментов в филогении родов Nicotiana, Camellia, Vaccinium и Arachis. Важным моментом филогенетического анализа на основе клТ-ДНК является реконструкция отдельных аллелей. Это дает возможность отслеживать факты межвидовой гибридизации. Именно этот подход позволил продемонстрировать незавершенный процесс видообразования в пределах секции Thea рода Camellia, а также подтвердил использование межвидовой гибридизации в ходе селекции североамериканских голубик. В обзоре рассмотрены вопросы датировки событий трансформации на основе клТ-ДНК, организованных в виде несовершенных повторов, а также использования филогенетических исследований при изучении вопросов биоразнообразия генов Т-ДНК агробактериального происхождения.

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