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Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции

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Клеточная стенка растений и механизмы устойчивости к патогенам

https://doi.org/10.18699/VJ15.109

Аннотация

Огромное число грибов, бактерий и вирусов потенциально способны инфицировать ткани и вызывать заболевания растений. Устойчивость растений к патогенам основывается на сложной сети конститутивных и индуцированных защитных реакций, в контроле которых задействовано большое число генов. Клеточная стенка является первым препятствием, которое должны преодолеть патогенные микроорганизмы. Успешная защита на уровне клеточной стенки может остановить вторжение подавляющего большинства потенциальных фитопатогенов. Разные виды растений различаются по структуре клеточной стенки. Основу клеточной стенки составляет сеть из микрофибрилл целлюлозы, пересекаемых молекулами гемицеллюлозы. В растущих частях растения эта сеть встроена в матрикс из пектиновых полисахаридов. В уже сформировавшихся тканях клеточные стенки усилены лигнином. Кроме полисахаридов, клеточная стенка содержит значительное количество белков, выполняющих структурную и ферментативную функции. Информация о многочисленных белках клеточных стенок разных видов растений представлена в базе данных WallProtDB. Каждый из компонентов клеточной стенки вносит вклад в формирование устойчивости к патогенам. В местах контакта с потенциальными патогенами происходит дополнительное укрепление клеточной стенки и накопление антимикробных вторичных метаболитов. Патогены секретируют ферменты, способные расщеплять компоненты клеточной стенки. В ответ на атаку микробов растение продуцирует ингибиторы микробных гидролитических ферментов. Растение также способно оценивать количество компонентов клеточной стенки. Так, мутанты с дефицитом целлюлозы обычно имеют повышенный уровень лигнификации и усиление защитного ответа. Возникающие после действия микробных ферментов низкомолекулярные фрагменты клеточной стенки выполняют сигнальную функцию, усиливая защитную реакцию растения. Таким образом, клеточная стенка является динамической структурой, способной предотвращать проникновение большинства потенциальных патогенов и запускать разные варианты иммунного ответа. Реконструкция генных сетей, контролирующих структурно-функциональную организацию клеточной стенки в процессе роста и в условиях биотических и абиотических стрессов, необходима для понимания молекулярных механизмов развития и стрессоустойчивости. В обзоре рассматриваются механизмы специфической и неспецифической устойчивости растений к патогенам различной природы, связанные с клеточной стенкой. Обсуждаются структура клеточной стенки и роль различных компонентов в детекции инвазии фитопатогенов и индукции защитных механизмов.

Об авторах

О. Г. Смирнова
Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук», Новосибирск, Россия Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университет», Новосибирск, Россия
Россия


А. В. Кочетов
Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук», Новосибирск, Россия Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университет», Новосибирск, Россия
Россия


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