Целлюлаза: основные свойства, природные источники и применение в промышленности

В последние годы целлюлаза привлекает огромное внимание как промышленно важный фермент с широким спектром применения. Целлюлазы представляют собой сложную группу ферментов, которые секретируются многообразием микроорганизмов, включая грибы и бактерии. Они относятся к подклассу ферментов гидролаз, субстратом которых является полисахарид целлюлоза. Целлюлазы имеют огромное практическое значение, поскольку содержащие целлюлозу материалы используются во множестве отраслей народного хозяйства. В этом обзоре приведены сведения об основных свойствах и структуре целлюлаз. Но основное внимание уделено применению этих ферментов в промышленности, а прочие аспекты, так или иначе, рассматриваются с учетом этого. Исследованы имеющие наибольшее практическое значение бактериальные и грибные целлюлазы, их основные преимущества и отличия. Отдельно рассмотрены экстремофильные (а именно термо-, психро- и галофильные) целлюлазы как обладающие свойствами, нужными в условиях современных технологических процессов. Поскольку для практического применения необходимы массовая продукция и оптимальное сочетание свойств ферментов, внимание также уделено получению эффективных продуцентов и модификации свойств, производимых целлюлаз. Наконец, обозначены ключевые тенденции в подходах к производству целлюлаз и перспективы практического применения.

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