Эффекты хронического психосоциального стресса на развитие ооцитов и преимплантационных эмбрионов мышей

Эффекты хронического психосоциального стресса на созревание ооцитов, оплодотворение и ранние этапы развития эмбрионов млекопитающих остаются недостаточно изученными. Настоящее исследование направлено на изучение влияния хронического психосоциального стресса на репродуктивные показатели самок мышей и развитие эмбрионов, полученных после оплодотворения in vitro и in vivo. Хронический стресс моделировали с помощью 21-дневного протокола, включавшего период социальной изоляции, за которым следовало содержание в условиях высокой скученности. Проведены два эксперимента c воздействием стресса на стадии фолликулогенеза, различавшихся способом оплодотворения. В эксперименте 1 у самок мышей после воздействия стресса были извлечены ооциты, проведено дозревание ооцитов in vitro, экстракорпоральное оплодотворение и исследовано раннее развитие полученных эмбрионов. Эксперимент 2 отличался тем, что оплодотворение было in vivo, полученные эмбрионы культивировали in vitro с двухклеточной стадии. Для оценки преимплантационного развития эмбрионов бластоцисты фиксировали, окрашивали методом TUNEL/DAPI и анализировали с помощью флуоресцентной микроскопии, подсчитывая число интерфазных ядер и индекс апоптоза. Эксперимент 1 показал, что хронический стресс не оказывает влияния на дозревание ооцитов и их способность к оплодотворению. Однако эмбрионы из группы «стресс» содержали меньшее число интерфазных ядер (p < 0.001), что указывает на замедленную скорость дробления. Между тем уровень апоптоза в этих бластоцистах был сопоставим с таковым в контрольной группе. В эксперименте 2 хронический стресс вызвал снижение процентной доли эмбрионов, достигших стадии бластоцисты в течение периода культивирования, и увеличение доли морул (p < 0.01), а также снижение числа интерфазных ядер в бластоцистах (p < 0.001). Эксперименты показали, что хронический психосоциальный стресс оказывает умеренное, но значимое влияние на раннее эмбриональное развитие, главным образом за счет снижения пролиферативной активности клеток. Эти результаты, полученные на мышах, имеют трансляционное значение для репродуктивной медицины и подчеркивают важность учета материнского стресса при анализе исходов ВРТ.

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