Комплексная оценка исходного материала яблони для селекции на иммунитет и качество плодов

Представлены результаты многолетнего изучения новых перспективных и районированных сортов яблони (Malus domestica Borkh.), произрастающих в условиях юга России. Оценку сортов яблони проводили по устойчивости к основным грибным патогенам: парше (Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) G. Winter) и мучнистой росе (Podosphaera leucotricha Salm.), качеству и товарности плодов, содержанию биологически активных веществ, формирующих антиоксидантные свойства плодов. В селекции яблони применен усовершенствованный метод полиплоидии, основанный на вовлечении в селекционный процесс иммунных к парше родительских форм. В результате комплексной оценки основных агробиологических признаков сортов и форм яблони разной плоидности в нестабильных условиях окружающей среды выделены доноры и источники значимых признаков яблони для селекционного использования: устойчивости и иммунитета к основным грибным патогенам, крупноплодности, ярко-красной окраски плодов, улучшенного химического состава. Выделены высококачественные сорта яблони селекции Северо-Кавказского НИИ садоводства и виноградарства совместно с Всероссийским НИИ селекции плодовых культур, сочетающие иммунитет к парше (ген Vf) с высокой устойчивостью к мучнистой росе: Фортуна, Амулет, Кармен, Ника, Марго, Орфей, Союз и др. Выявлены иммунные к парше сорта яблони с высокой жизнеспособностью пыльцы (83–98 %): Азимут, Василиса, Кармен, Любава, Марго, Фортуна, Либерти, Прима, Флорина, Фридом. Выделены перспективные родительские формы, передающие большей части гибридного потомства хорошие вкусовые качества плодов, полиплоидные сорта: Голден Делишес тетраплоидный, Уэлси тетраплоидный, Боскопская красавица, Балсгард 0247 Е, Папировка тетраплоидная, а также диплоидные сорта: Алкмене, Прима, Редфри и Кубань. Выявлены сорта яблони с высокими химическими показателями, в том числе по содержанию сахаров – Орфей (10,8 %), Чемпион (10,5 %); витамина С – Василиса и Союз (более 9,0 мг/100 г), гибридная форма 44-24-49-ю (более 11,4 мг/100 г), а также Р- активных веществ – Василиса, Любава, Марго (более 110,0 мг/100 г), использование которых в селекционных программах способствует ускоренному созданию новых генотипов с улучшенным биохимическим составом плодов.

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