ОПУШЕНИЕ ЛИСТА У КАРТОФЕЛЯ Solanum tuberosum: МОРФОЛОГИЯ, ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ РОЛЬ И МЕТОДЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ

Опушение – один из важных биотических факторов защиты растений от повреждающих факторов среды. Интерес к изучению опушения картофеля связан преимущественно с тем, что оно играет заметную роль в защите растений от насекомых-вредителей. Обзор посвящен функциональной роли и генетическому контролю опушения листьев у картофеля. Рассматриваются морфологические особенности опушения картофеля, которое состоит из несекретирующих и секретирующих трихом нескольких типов. Соотношение трихом разных типов у разных видов картофеля отличается большим разнообразием, характерным в первую очередь для дикорастущих видов. Опушение может служить классифицирующим признаком. Описана роль трихом как «фабрик» вторичных метаболитов картофеля, среди которых сложные эфиры сахарозы и терпеновые производные, служащие репеллентами насекомых. Трихомы также синтезируют полифенолоксидазу, которая за счет окисления фенолов приводит к синтезу метаболитов, вредных для насекомых. Представлена информация об известных в настоящее время генах, ответственных за контроль опушения. Это гены, участвующие в формировании комплекса MYB-bHLH-WD40, который контролирует процессы дифференцировки и развития трихом у растений. У картофеля белки этого комплекса изучаются прежде всего в связи с регуляцией биосинтеза антоцианов. Фундаментальной основой для идентификации генов, контролирующих опушение картофеля, в настоящее время являются данные о последовательности полного генома картофеля. Это позволяет на основе анализа гомологии с генами модельных организмов идентифицировать гены-кандидаты, контролирующие важные признаки у картофеля. Работы в этом направлении уже ведутся, однако они находятся на начальном этапе. В заключительном разделе обзора описаны методы фенотипирования трихом, основанные на визуальном анализе микроскопических изображений (полученных с помощью как оптических, так и электронных микроскопов). Показана актуальность разработки новых высокопроизводительных подходов к изучению морфологии этого признака у картофеля.

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