POPULATION STRUCTURE OF LEAF PATHOGENS OF COMMON SPRING WHEAT IN THE WEST ASIAN REGIONS OF RUSSIA AND NORTH KAZAKHSTAN IN 2017

Wheat diseases affecting leaves like leaf rust (Puccinia triticina), tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) and spot blotch (Сochliobolus sativus = Bipolaris sorokiniana) are widely spread and potentially dangerous in the West-Asian region of Russia and North Kazakhstan. The study of these pathogens’ populations is very important for genetic protection of wheat. The objective of this study was to explore the population structure of the causative agents of leaf rust and tan spot on spring wheat based on virulence traits and assessing the distribution of the causative agent of spot blotch in the West-Asian region of Russia and North Kazakhstan. The source of inoculum were wheat leaves affected by leaf rust and spot diseases collected in the Chelyabinsk and the Omsk region of Russia and in North Kazakhstan. Virulence analysis of P. triticina using 20 lines with known Lr genes demonstrated that all 109 monopustule isolates were avirulent on ТсLr24. The isolates virulent on ТсLr19 were identified only in the Chelyabinsk population. The prevalence of isolates virulent on ТсLr2a, ТсLr2b, ТсLr2c, ТсLr11, ТсLr15, ТсLr16, ТсLr20 and ТсLr26 was higher in the Omsk and the North Kazakhstani population, while virulence to ТсLr9 was higher in Chelyabinsk. Using 20 TcLr-lines, we identified 27 virulent phenotypes of P. triticina: 12 in the Omsk, 19 in the Chelyabinsk and 8 in the Kazakhstani population. The phenotypes TLTTR (avirulent to TcLr16, TcLr19, TcLr24, TcLr26), TCTTR (avirulent to TcLr9, TcLr16, TcLr19, TcLr24), and TBTTR (avirulent to TcLr9, TcLr16, TcLr19, TcLr24, TcLr26) were observed in all the populations. The phenotypes TQTTR (avirulent to TcLr19, TcLr24, TcLr26) and TGTTR (avirulent to TcLr9, TcLr19, TcLr24, TcLr26, TcLr9, TcLr19, TcLr24, TcLr26) were common in the Omsk and the North Kazakhstani population, while THPTR (avirulent to avTcLr9, TcLr11, TcLr19, TcLr24) and TCTTQ (avirulent to TcLr9, TcLr16, TcLr19, TcLr20, TcLr24) were common in the Omsk and the Chelyabinsk population. There was a high genetic similarity in virulence and phenotypic composition between the Omsk and the North Kazakhstani population as well as between the Omsk and the Chelyabinsk population and a moderate similarity between the Chelyabinsk and the North Kazakhstani population. The prevalence of the spot blotch pathogen was higher in the material collected from the Omsk region, while none of this pathogen was identified in the North Kazakhstani material. The isolates of tan spot were identified in all the regions. Five races of P. tritici-repentis were identified among Chelyabinsk isolates based on the toxins produced by the following pathogens: race 1 (PtrToxA PtrToxС); race 2 (PtrToxA); race 7 (PtrToxA, PtrToxВ), race 8 (PtrToxA, PtrToxВ, PtrToxС), and race 4 (does not produce toxins). Three races were identified in the Omsk region (1 – 3) and four, in North Kazakhstan (1 – 4). A total of 26 P. tritici-repentis phenotypes were identified by virulence analysis using 11 differential lines: two were present in all the populations; two. in Chelyabinsk and North Kazakhstan; one, in Omsk and Chelyabinsk; and all the others were original. A high degree of similarity between the obligate pathogen P. triticina and the saprophytic pathogen P. tritici-repentis in the West-Asian region of Russia and in North Kazakhstan demonstrates that this is one epidemiological region across this wheat production area. The presence of common phenotypes suggests there is a the possibility of gene exchange between the populations and this shall be considered while releasing genetically protected wheat varieties.

1. Belan I.A., Rosseyeva L.P., Meshkova L.V., Blokhina N.P., Pershina L.A., Trubacheyeva N.V. Development of soft wheat varieties resistant to fungal diseases for West Siberia and the Urals. Vestnik Altayskogo Gosudarstvennogo Agrarnogo Universiteta = Bulletin of the Altai State Agricultural University. 2017;1(147):5-14. (in Russian)

2. Gultyaeva E.I., Aristova M.K., Shaidayuk E.L., Mironenko N.V., Kazartsev I.A., Akhmetova A., Kosman E. Genetic differentiation of Puccinia triticina Erikss. in Russia. Rus. J. Genet. 2017;53(9):9981005. DOI 10.1134/S1022795417070031.

3. Gultyaeva E.I., Solodukhina O.V. Rzhavchinnye bolezni zernovyh kultur organizmam [Rust diseases of cereals]. Izuchenie geneticheskih resursov zernovyh kultur po ustojchivosti k vrednym organizmam [Study of the genetic resources of crops with regard to pest resistance]. Moscow, 2008;5-31. (in Russian)

4. Koishybaev M. Distribution and development of yellow wheat spot in Kazakhstan. Mikologiya i fitopatologiya = Mycology and Phytopathology. 2010;45(2):177-186. (in Russian)

5. Koishybaev M. Development of rust and Septoria blight forms and wheat protection therefrom. Zashchita i Karantin Rasteniy = Plant Protection and Quarantine. 2015;9:21-25. (in Russian)

6. Kolmer J.A., Kabdulova M.G., Mustafina M.A., Zhemchuzhina N.S., Dubovoy V. Russian populations of Puccinia triticina in distant regions are not differentiated for virulence and molecular genotype. Plant Pathol. 2015;64(2):328-336. DOI 0.1111/ppa.12248.

7. Kolmer J.A., Ordoñez M.E. Genetic differentiation of Puccinia triticina populations in Central Asia and the Caucasus. Phytopathology. 2007;97:1141-1149. DOI 10.1094/PHYTO-97-9-1141.

8. Kosman E., Dinoor A., Herrmann A., Schachtel G.A. Virulence Analysis Tool (VAT). User Manual. 2008. http://www.tau.ac.il/lifesci/departments/plants/members/kosman/VAT.html

9. Kovalenko E.D., Zhemchuzhina A.I., Kiseleva M.I., Kolomiets T.M., Lapochkina I.F., Khudokormova Zh.N., Bokkel’man H. Current state of leaf rust populations and creation of germplasm bank of wheat donors and sources resistant to the disease. Immunogeneticheskaya zashchita sel’skokhozyaistvennykh kultur ot boleznei: teoriya i praktika. Materialy Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii, posvyashchennoy 125-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya N.I. Vavilova [Immunogenic control of plant diseases in agriculture: the theory and practice. Proceedings of the scientific and practical conference marking the 125th anniversary of N.I. Vavilov]. Bolshie Vyazemy, Moskow region. 2012;69-80. (in Russian)

10. Kuznetcova T.T. Species range of diseases of cereals in Western Siberia. Nauchno-tekhnicheskiy byulleten VASKhNIL, Sibirskoe otdelenie [Scientific and Technical Bulletin of the All-Russia Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Siberian Branch]. Novosibirsk: SibNIIZKhim Publ., 1987;2:50-52. (in Russian)

11. Lamari L., Bernier C.C. Toxin of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis: hostspecificity, significance in disease, and inheritance of host-reaction. Phytopathology. 1989;79:740-744. DOI 10.1094/Phyto-79-740.

12. Lamari L., Gilbert J., Tekauz A. Race differentiation in Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and survey of physiologic variation in western Canada. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 1998;20:396-400. DOI 10.1080/07060669809500410.

13. Long D.L., Kolmer J.A. North American system of nomenclature for Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici. Phytopathology. 1989;79:525-529.

14. Mains E.B., Jackson H.S. Physiologic specialization in the leaf rust of wheat; Puccinia triticina Erikss. Phytopathology. 1926;16:89-120.

15. McIntosh R.A., Wellings C., Park R.F. Wheat Rusts: an Atlas of Resistance Genes. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995.

16. Meshkova L.V., Rosseeva L.P., Korenyuk E.A., Belan I.A. Dynamics of the distribution of pathotypes of the leaf rust agent virulent to cultivars with the Lr9 gene in the Omsk region. Mikologiya i fitopatologiya = Mycology and Phytopathology. 2012;46(6):397-400. (in Russian)

17. Mikhailova L.A. Genetika vzaimootnosheniy vozbuditelya buroy rzhavchiny i pshenitsy. Pod red. akad. RASKhN M.M. Levitina [Levitin M.M. (Ed.) Genetics of the relationship between the brown rust agent and wheat]. St.-Peterburg: VIZR Publ., 2006. (in Russian)

18. Mikhailova L.A., Gogoleva S.G., Gultyaeva E.I. Interactions between Bipolaris sorokiniana strains and wheat accessions. Mikologiya i fitopatologiya = Mycology and Phytopathology. 2002;36(2):63-66. (in Russian)

19. Mikhailova L.A., Kovalenko N.M., Mironenko N.V., Rosseva L.P. Populations of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis in Russia. Mikologiya i fitopatologiya = Mycology and Phytopathology. 2015;49(4):257-261. (in Russian)

20. Mikhailova L.A., Mironenko N.V., Kovalenko N.M. Zheltaya pyatnistost’ pshenitsy [Yellow spot of wheat]. Metodicheskie ukazaniya po izucheniyu populyatsiy vozbuditelya zheltoy pyatnistosti Pyrenophora tritici-repentis i ustoychivosti sortov [Methodical guidelines for the study of the populations of the causative agent of yellow spot of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and the resistance of wheat varieties]. St-Peterburg: VIZR Publ., 2012. (in Russian)

21. Mikhailova L.A., Terniuk I.G., Mironenko N.V. Characterization of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis populations with regard to virulence. Mikologiya i fitopatologiya = Mycology and Phytopathology. 2010;44(3):263-272. (in Russian)

22. Mironenko N.V., Baranova O.A., Kovalenko N.M., Mikhailova L.A., Rosseva L.P. Genetic structure of the Russian populations of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, determined by using microsatellite markers. Genetika = Genetics (Moscow). 2016;52(8):885-895. (in Russian)

23. Sanina A.A., Paholkova E.V. Species structure of Septoria blight agents on wheat in different regions of Russia. Sovremennaya mikologiya v Rossii. Sbornik trudov 1-go s’ezda mikologov Rossii [Modern micology in Russia. Proceedings of the 1st Congress of Russian Mycologists]. Moscow, 2002. (in Russian)

24. Shamanin V., Salina E., Wanyera R., Zelenskiy Y., Olivera P., Morgounov A. Genetic diversity of spring wheat from Kazakhstan and Russia for resistance to stem rust Ug99. Euphytica. 2016;212(2):287296. DOI 10.1007/s10681-016-1769-0.

25. Tyunin V.A., Shreyder E.R., Gultyaeva E.I., Shaydayuk E.L. Characteristics of virulence of Puccinia triticina populations and the potential of the Lr24, Lr25, LrSp genes for spring common wheat breeding in the Southern Ural. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii = Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding. 2017;21(5):523-529. DOI 10.18699/VJ17.269. (in Russian)