Тионины растений: строение, биологические функции и перспективы использования в биотехнологии
https://doi.org/10.18699/VJ18.409
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Аннотация
Антимикробные пептиды (АМП) – важнейшие компоненты защитной системы растений и животных, они представляют собой древний механизм врожденной устойчивости, обеспечивающий «первую линию обороны» против патогенов. Выделяют несколько семейств АМП растений: тионины, дефензины, неспецифические липид-переносящие белки (ЛПБ), гевеино- и ноттиноподобные пептиды, гарпинины, а также макроциклические пептиды (циклотиды). Обзор посвящен характеристике семейства тионинов. Тионины – характерное только для растений семейство АМП, состоящее из коротких (~5 кДа) цистеинбогатых пептидов (с шестью или восемью остатками цистеина в молекуле), которые обладают антимикробными и токсическими свойствами. На основании сходства амино- кислотных последовательностей и расположения дисульфидных связей выделяют пять структурных классов тионинов. Установлена пространственная структура ряда тионинов. Показано, что амфипатическая молекула тионина имеет форму греческой буквы Г, у которой длинное плечо образовано двумя антипараллельными α-спиралями, а короткое – двумя параллельными β-тяжами. Выявлены аминокислотные остатки, ответственные за антимикробную активность тионинов. Тионины синтезируются в виде предшественников, состоящих из сигнального пептида, зрелого пептида и С-концевого продомена. Тионины являются защитными пептидами растений против патогенных бактерий и грибов, которые действуют в микромолярных концентрациях непосредственно на мембраны микроорганизмов, хотя детальный механизм действия этих АМП до конца не выяснен. Помимо патогенов растений, тионины подавляют рост ряда патогенных и условно патогенных микроорганизмов человека, таких как Candida spp., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Fusarium solani, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli. Тионины токсичны для различного типа клеток, включая линии раковых клеток млекопитающих. Трансгенные растения, в которых экспрессируются гены тионинов, обладают повышенной устойчивостью к патогенам. Широкий спектр антимикробной и токсической активности тионинов открывает возможности их практического использования в сельском хозяйстве и медицине.
Об авторах
Т. И. Одинцова
Институт общей генетики им. Н.И. Вавилова Российской академии наук.
Россия
Москва.
Россия
Москва.
М. П. Слезина
Институт общей генетики им. Н.И. Вавилова Российской академии наук.
Россия
Москва.
Россия
Москва.
Е. А. Истомина
Институт общей генетики им. Н.И. Вавилова Российской академии наук.
Россия
Москва.
Россия
Москва.
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