ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКАЯ СЛОЖНОСТЬ И КОНТЕКСТ-СПЕЦИФИЧНОСТЬ ПРИЗНАКОВ УРОЖАЯ ПШЕНИЦЫ В ЗАСУШЛИВЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ

В засушливых регионах дефицит воды разной продолжительности и интенсивности часто сочетается с жарой и другими и стрессами, и лишь изредка встречаются годы с благоприятным увлажнением. В этих контрастных условиях ведущую роль в урожае зерна играет образ жизни сорта (озимые, яровые, продолжительность вегетационного периода) и технология. Например, в конце ХХ в. в Поволжье РФ потепление в зимний период и улучшение технологии позволили озимой пшенице почти повсеместно вытеснить яровую. Идентификация и маркирование QTL открыли новые возможности для выявления генетических различий между генотипами по каждому признаку, на которые опирается традиционная селекция, более обоснованно подбирать родительские пары для скрещивания и проводить отбор. Однако эффект QTL, как правило, в огромной степени зависит, с одной стороны, от генетического фона (плейотропия, эпистаз, использование чужеродных генов), с другой –от внешней среды (время и интенсивность засухи, технология выращивания) и взаимодействия между аллелями и внешней средой. Все это вынуждает в каждом селекционном цикле каждый новый рекомбинантный генотип подвергать генетической идентификации в единстве с аккуратным фенотипированием. В условиях ограниченного финансирования селекции наибольшую пользу от использований ДНК-технологий можно ожидать лишь на популяциях от скрещиваний лучших элитных сортов и перспективных линий и тогда, когда для улучшения признака(ов) одно традиционное фенотипирование, без дополнения генотипированием, безуспешно.

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