Достижения и перспективы молекулярно-генетического маркирования устойчивости к некоторым патогенам у видов рода Brassica L.

Крестоцветные  растения,  относящиеся к роду Brassica семейства  Капустные (Brassicaceae), возделываются как овощные, масличные и кормовые культуры. В Российской Федерации они занимают одно из первых мест по валовому сбору овощей. На урожайность капустных культур негативно влияют различные патогены, в том числе бактериальные, вирусные и грибные инфекции. Такие заболевания, как сосудистый бактериоз (возбудитель Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris), ложная мучнистая роса, или пероноспороз (Hyaloperonospora parasitica), вирус мозаики  турнепса (Turnip Mosaic Virus – TuMV), хотя и не входят в список карантинных  болезней на территории Российской Федерации и Евразийского  экономического союза (ЕАЭС), но могут поражать часть посевных площадей и приводить к значительным (вплоть до 100 %) потерям товарной продукции. Создание устойчивых к этим патогенам сортов является важным направлением в селекции культур Brassica, дополняющим существующие методы агротехнической и химической защиты. Развитие методов молекулярного маркирования и маркер-вспомогательной селекции (MAS) позволяет намного повысить эффективность отбора  устойчивых генотипов.  В обзоре рассмотрены актуальные  сведения об известных генах и локусах количественных признаков (QTL), ассоциированных с устойчивостью к сосудистому бактериозу,  пероноспорозу капусты и вирусу TuMV. Приведены данные о локализации генов устойчивости на молекулярных картах геномов видов рода Brassica  (B. rapa, B. oleracea, B. napus, B.carinata), разработанных с использованием разных типов молекулярных  маркеров (RFLP, AFLP, SSR, EST, SNP, InDel, SLAF и др.). Систематизирована информация о молекулярных  маркерах,  тесно сцепленных с локусами устойчивости, часть из которых конвертирована в SCAR-, STS- и dCAPS-маркеры для молекулярного скрининга, пригодные для непосредственного применения в практической селекции. Использование приведенных данных для оценки образцов культур рода Brassica может помочь  исследователям в поиске источников  и доноров генетической устойчивости  к рассматриваемым заболеваниям выращиваемых капустных культур.

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