Генетические механизмы акклиматизации чайного растения (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) к холодовому стрессу

Проведен обзор публикаций о генетических механизмах, лежащих в основе холодоустойчивости чая и других видов высших растений. Холодовой стресс, включающий охлаждение (0…+15°C) и заморозки (< 0°C), нарушает метаболизм в клетках и тканях и ингибирует рост растений. Показано, что в последние десятилетия достигнут большой прогресс в понимании генетических механизмов ответа растений на холодовой стресс, были открыты ключевые гены – ICE (inducer of CBF expression), CBF (C-repeat-binding factor), COR (cold-regulated genes) – и их сигнальные пути. Установлено, что накопление транскриптов CBF происходит уже через 15 мин после начала воздействия низких температур, +4°C, они играют важнейшую роль в холодовой акклиматизации чайного растения. Однако существует и CBF-независимый путь, включающий различные гены и транскрипционные факторы, такие как HSFC1, ZAT12, CZF1, PLD (фосфолипаза D), WRKY, HD-Zip, CsLEA, LOX, NAC, HSP, которые широко распространены у растений и вовлечены в базовые механизмы устойчивости чая к холоду и заморозкам. Обнаружено повышенное накопление транскриптов генов CsDHN1, CsDHN2 и CsDHN3 у устойчивых генотипов чая в сравнении с неустойчивыми сортами в период заморозков. Определена важная роль микроРНК в механизмах ответа на охлаждение и заморозки у чая. Генетический ответ растений на охлаждение и заморозки не одинаков, и экспрессия генов ответа носит генотип-специфический характер. Приведенные результаты исследований подчеркивают необходимость дальнейшего изучения механизмов, посредством которых различные гены регулируют устойчивость чая к холодовому стрессу, для выявления генетических маркеров устойчивости.

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