Анализ генетических компонент, гетерозиса и комбинационной способности пакистанских элитных сортов пшеницы по признакам урожайности и устойчивости к желтой ржавчине

Пшеница (Triticum aestivum L.) – основной пищевой и кормовой продукт на территории Пакистана. Одной из приоритетных задач является работа по улучшению сортов пшеницы, отличающихся более высокой урожайностью зерна и устойчивостью к заболеваниям. Ключевым фактором такой работы стало изучение генетического разнообразия сортового материала. С этой целью были оценены показатели урожайности у потомства, полученного от скрещивания четырех элитных сортов пшеницы с тремя тестерными линиями. На основе проведенного анализа получены данные о генетической дисперсии, общей и специфической комбинационной способности, гетерозисе и степени устойчивости к желтой ржавчине (Puccinia striiformis L.). Высокая урожайность зерна (3358 кг/га) была отмечена среди растений первого поколения от скрещивания ZRG- 79 × PAK-13. Дисперсионный анализ (ANOVA) выявил статистически достоверную генотипическую дисперсию по данному признаку. Значение показателя наследуемости (H²) фиксировалось в диапазоне от 28 до 100 %. Выявленная общая комбинационная способность (ОКС) по признаку «урожайность зерна» была статистически достоверной для всех родительских cортов, кроме FSD-08 и PS-05, в то время как специфическая комбинационная способность (СКС) по данному признаку оказалась высокодостоверной только для гибридных растений от двух скрещиваний: ZRG- 79 × NR-09 и ZRG-79 × PAK-13. Величина гетерозиса составила от –28 до 62.6 %. В комбинациях скрещивания ZRG-79 × PAK-13 была показана высокодостоверная величина гетерозиса (62.6 %). Наблюдалась высокодостоверная корреляция по признакам «длина колоса», «число колосков в колосе», «высота растения» и «масса 1000 зерен». Значение индекса устойчивости к ржавчине изменялось в диапазоне от 0 до 8.5. На основании полученных результатов сделаны следующие выводы: 1) учет ОКС важен при отборе на более высокую урожайность зерна, обусловленную действием аддитивных генов; 2) отбором в дочерних поколениях обеспечится повышенная устойчивость к ржавчине; 3) комбинации скрещивания ZRG-79 × PAK 13 с высокой ОКС лучше всего подойдут для создания гибридных сортов.

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