Аллельное разнообразие генов Vrn и контроль типа и скорости развития у пшениц

Пшеница, являясь одной из трех основных продовольственных культур мира, занимает самый широкий ареал за счет адаптивности к разнообразным условиям возделывания. В обзоре рассматриваются полиморфизм и аллельная изменчивость генов Vrn (от англ. response to vernalization), контролирующих важнейшие адаптационные признаки пшениц – тип (яровость vs. озимость) и скорость развития у диких и возделываемых видов пшениц (род Triticum L.). Суммируется информация об аллельном разнообразии генов Vrn и обсуждается связь полиморфизмов этих генов на молекулярном уровне с их влиянием не только на признак «тип развития (яровость vs. озимость)», но и на признак «скороспелость (длина вегетационного периода яровых растений, ДВП)» у ди-, тетра- и гексаплоидных видов. Предпринята попытка связать полученную информацию о мутациях (полиморфизмах) доминантных аллелей генов Vrn с выраженностью наиболее важного с хозяйственной точки зрения признака «продолжительность ДВП (скороспелость)», которая ранее в обзорах не предпринималась. Рассматривается влияние мутаций (полиморфизмов) в последовательностях рецессивных генов vrn на признак «потребность в яровизации» у озимых форм растений пшениц и выполнена его формализация. Обсуждается эволюция озимости/яровости в роде Triticum. На основе выявленных полиморфизмов построена схема филогенетических взаимодействий аллелей генов Vrn и рассматриваются возможности расширения полиморфизма по доминантным генам Vrn и их аллелям за счет видов-сородичей и редко используемых алелей и перспективы селекции на изменение ДВП (скороспелости) для конкретных зон возделывания.

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