Изучение потенциала исходного селекционного материала пшеницы (Triticum aestivum L.) в андрогенезе (Triticum aestivum L.)

Создание удвоенных гаплоидов – ценный биотехнологический подход в селекции растений, позволяющий ускоренно создавать новые сорта за счет одноэтапного получения гомозиготных линий. Целью настоящего исследования было проведение оценки показателей андрогенеза in vitro в культуре пыльников исходного селекционного материала сортов и комбинаций F₁ и F₂ и выявление перспективных образцов с хорошей отзывчивостью. В работе использован растительный материал, перспективный для селекционных программ Сибирского научно-исследовательского института растениеводства и селекции – филиала ИЦиГ СО РАН. Десять сортов мягкой пшеницы и гибриды F₁ и F₂ девяти комбинаций скрещивания оценивали по основным параметрам андрогенеза in vitro: числу новообразований, числу альбиносов и зеленых растений-регенерантов и всех регенерировавших растений. Индукцию андрогенеза in vitro проводили в культуре пыльников на питательной среде Chu (N6), в качестве регулятора роста использовали 1 мг/л 2.4-Д. У изучаемых образцов обнаружен различный ответ на индукцию андрогенеза in vitro. Отмечен максимальный выход новообразований у гибридов F₂ Новосибирская 15 × Лютесценс ШТ-335. Наибольшее количество зеленых растений-регенерантов обнаружено у F₁ Новосибирская 15 × Лютесценс ШТ-335. По результатам дисперсионного анализа установлено достоверное ( p < 0.01) влияние генотипа на изучаемые признаки. Выявлены сорта с хорошей отзывчивостью в культуре пыльников (Новосибирская 15) и с отсутствием отзывчивости к андрогенезу in vitro (Новосибирская 31). Сорт Новосибирская 16 характеризовался низкой регенерационной способностью новообразований. Среди гибридов значительный гетерозисный эффект отмечен по признаку «число новообразований на 100 пыльников» в комбинациях Новосибирская 15 × Лютесценс ШТ-335, Новосибирская 15 × Лютесценс 111/09, Загора Новосибирская × Обская 2. Сорт Новосибирская 15 рекомендован к включению в скрещивания как сорт, обеспечи вающий высокую отзывчивость в андрогенезе in vitro гибридов. Применение технологии удвоенн ых гаплоидов позволило быстро создать DH-линии на основе изучаемого материала.

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