Влияние транспозонов на развитие болезни Альцгеймера

Болезнь Альцгеймера поражает в среднем 5 % населения со значительным увеличением распространенности с возрастом, что свидетельствует о возможном влиянии на данную патологию тех же механизмов, которые лежат в основе старения человека. Исследование этих механизмов перспективно для разработки эффективных методов лечения и профилактики заболевания. Возможными участниками этих механизмов являются транспозоны, которые служат драйверами эпигенетической регуляции, поскольку формируют в эволюции видоспецифические распределения генов некодирующих РНК в геноме человека. Изучение роли микро-РНК в развитии болезни Альцгеймера актуально, поскольку по результатам проведенных GWAS ассоциаций белок-кодирующих генов (APOE4, ABCA7, BIN1, CLU, CR1, PICALM, TREM2) трудно объяснить сложный патогенез заболевания. Кроме того, в различных долях головного мозга при болезни Альцгеймера были обнаружены специфические изменения экспрессии множества генов, что может быть обу словлено глобальными регуляторными изменениями под влиянием транспозонов. Действительно, экспериментальные и клинические исследования показали патологическую активацию ретроэлементов при болезни Альцгеймера. Проведенный нами анализ научной литературы в соответствии с базой данных MDTE DB (microRNAs derived from transposable elements) позволил выявить 28 различных микро-РНК, происходящих от мобильных элементов (17 – от LINE, 5 – от SINE, 4 – от HERV, 2 – от ДНК-транспозонов), экспрессия которых специфически изменяется при данном заболевании (снижается у 17 и повышается у 11 микроРНК). Экспрессия 13 из 28 микро-РНК (miR-151a, -192, -211, -28, -31, -320c, -335, -340, -378a, -511, -576, -708, -885) меняется также при старении и развитии злокачественных новообразований, что подтверждает  возможное наличие общих патогенетических механизмов. Большинство из этих микро-РНК произошли от LINE-ретроэлементов, патологическая активация которых ассоциирована со старением, канцерогенезом и болезнью Альцгеймера, что свидетельствует в пользу гипотезы о том, что в основе этих трех процессов лежит первичная дисрегуляция транспозонов, которые служат драйверами эпигенетической регуляции экспрессии генов в онтогенезе. 

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