Потенциал коллекции амаранта ВИР в свете мировых тенденций использования и селекции

Амарант - древняя культура семейства Амарантовые (Amaranthaceae). Для России это достаточно новая сельскохозяйственная культура. В семенах и листовой биомассе содержатся высококачественный безглютеновый белок, жирные кислоты, полиненасыщенный углеводород сквален, флавоноиды, витамины и минералы. Комплексное изучение амаранта, развитие его селекции и создание новых сортов являются крайне важным направлением для решения проблемы повышения качества пищевой продукции путем использования растительного сырья, обогащенного полезными и высокопитательными компонентами. На сегодняшний день основными методами селекционной работы с амарантом остаются отбор и гибридизация. Методы мутационной селекции и полиплоидии были успешно использованы для увеличения урожайности семян и содержания белка. С помощью генов, кодирующих белки амаранта, созданы трансгенные растения картофеля, мягкой пшеницы и кукурузы. Несмотря на большой потенциал амаранта, изучению его геномики посвящено не много исследова- ний, направленных главным образом на идентификацию видового разнообразия. В направления селекционной работы с амарантом входят такие признаки, как «крупность и неосыпаемость семян», «низкорослость», «скороспелость», «высокая урожайность», «холодостойкость», «синхронность созревания», «устойчивость к вредителям и болезням», «высокая питательная ценность»: содержание и качество белка, липидов, сквалена, биологически активных соединений. Уникальная коллекция амаранта Всероссийского института генетических ресурсов растений им. Н.И. Вавилова (ВИР) включает 570 образцов из различных стран мира. На протяжении 70 лет она пополнялась местными, селекционными сортами и дикими видами за счет экспедиций, поступлений из научноисследовательских институтов, ботанических садов, генбанков и опытных селекционных станций всего мира. В результате многолетнего изучения были сформированы признаковые группы образцов с высокой урожайностью семян и листовой биомассы, скороспелые и холодостойкие, с повышенным содержанием белка в семенах и биомассе, низкорослые, устойчивые к осыпанию семян, овощного и декоративного направления использования. Сохраняемый в ВИР генофонд амаранта способен предоставлять неограниченные возможности для селекции и восполнять нужды населения страны, обогащая питательный рацион продуктами из этой здоровой и полезной культуры.

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