Сомаклональная изменчивость у видов рода Saccharum: раскрытие ее потенциала в современных условиях

Гибридизация различных местных сортов или диких видов сельскохозяйственных культур способствует генетической рекомбинации и приводит к созданию улучшенных сортов, в особенности у культур, размножающихся половым путем. В отличие от этого, у культур с бесполым размножением, таких как сахарный тростник (гибрид Saccharum spp.), генетическая рекомбинация посредством гибридизации затруднена из-за самоили перекрестной несовместимости (низкой фертильности). Такие сельскохозяйственные культуры могут быть улучшены за счет сомаклональной изменчивости с помощью методов культуры ткани. Сахарный тростник, являющийся одним из основных источников мирового производства сахара и биоэтанола, из-за недостаточной устойчивости к биотическим и абиотическим стрессовым факторам несет значительные потери урожая. Несмотря на эффективность методов культивирования in vitro, сомаклональная изменчивость остается недостаточно изученной в программах селекции сахарного тростника. Для решения проблем, появляющихся у сахарного тростника в условиях меняющейся динамики окружающей среды, в настоящем обзоре критически оценивается роль сомаклональной изменчивости в создании сортов сахарного тростника, рассмотрены ее основные механизмы, практическое применение и факторы, влияющие на ее возникновение. Кроме того, обсуждаются ограничения и проблемы практического применения этого метода при создании сортов, не позволяющие адекватно использовать его в современных селекционных работах. Использование потенциала сомаклональной изменчивости в сочетании с передовыми технологиями позволит преодолеть данные ограничения и удовлетворить растущие потребности в производстве сахара и биотоплива и в биоэнергетической промышленности.

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