Генетическая характеристика и метаанализ населения Северного Причерноморья I тысячелетия н. э. по данным древней ДНК

За последние два десятилетия внедрение полногеномного анализа древней ДНК привело к прорыву в археогенетических исследованиях, существенно расширив наше понимание генетической истории человечества. На этом фоне особую актуальность приобретает изучение Северного Причерноморья I тысячелетия нашей эры (1–1000 гг.), региона, который в течение всего периода оставался зоной интенсивного культурного обмена и миграций. Несмотря на его историческую значимость, объем доступных данных древней ДНК по этому периоду пока остается ограниченным. В настоящей работе систематизированы и проанализированы опубликованные результаты полногеномного секвенирования 48 древних образцов, относящихся к различным археологическим культурам региона: позднескифской, сарматской, аланской, булгарской, салтово-маяцкой и черняховской. Систематизация данных и применение методов популяционно-генетического анализа позволили проследить генетическую преемственность на памятниках позднескифской, а также отдельно – аланской культуры по отношению к предшествующему населению. Удалось обнаружить межкультурные связи алан, булгар и носителей салтово-маяцкой культуры, в генетической структуре которых отмечается влияние кавказского и восточноевразийского компонентов. С другой стороны, зафиксированы эпизоды масштабных миграций и полной смены населения, наиболее ярко выраженные в сарматской экспансии I–IV вв. н. э., следы которой генетически прослеживаются от Урала до Карпат. По единичным образцам выявлена генетическая преемственность между представителями черняховской культуры и ранними славянскими группами. Полученные результаты демонстрируют мозаичность генетического ландшафта региона, формировавшегося под воздействием многоволновых миграций и межкультурных контактов. Статья освещает современное состояние исследований, показывает основные достижения и намечает перспективы дальнейшего изучения в области археогенетики Северного Причерноморья в I тысячелетии н. э.

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