Использование геномных методов скрининга в создании селекционного материала риса с высоким качеством зерна

Рис как ключевая модель в изучении геномики агроэкосистем находится в центре внимания исследований по решению задач производства достаточного количества продуктов для растущего населения Земли. Качество зерна возделываемых сортов риса лежит в основе его конкурентоспособности и культуры потребления. На основе анализа отечественных и зарубежных исследований представлены сведения о молекулярно-генетических методах и достижениях в создании новых ценных генотипов риса при использовании данных секвенирования геномов. Непрерывное обогащение генплазмы риса в мировых селекционных центрах происходит благодаря высокоэффективным подходам с применением постгеномных и клеточных технологий в сочетании с традиционными методами фенотипирования. В обзоре рассматриваются достижения молекулярно-генетических исследований риса, относящихся к ценным признакам качества зерна – его стекловидности (мучнистости) и форме (размерам). В программах по маркер-ориентированной и геномной селекции риса широко используется анализ GWAS. В последние годы генотипирование методом GBS стало широко применяться для выявления взаимосвязи между фенотипом и генотипом на основе анализа двуродительских картирующих популяций и выборок сортообразцов. Постгеномный период исследований, связанный с поиском генов-кандидатов ценных признаков качества, начался после получения референсных последовательностей геномов. В результате были обнаружены сотни QTL признака мучнистости по 12 хромосомам, немногие из них были картированы или секвенированы. К 2018 г. секвенировано и охарактеризовано несколько основных QTL, влияющих на размер зерна. Наличие рецессивного аллеля GS3 и доминантного аллеля GW7^TFA увеличивает соотношение длины зерна к ширине. В 2023 г. было показано, что сверхэкспрессия OsFIF3 ингибирует экспрессию FLO2 и SUT1, тем самым увеличивает мучнистость зерна и снижает его размеры. Селекционный прорыв связывают с использованием неcпецифических маркеров признаков длины, ширины, толщины, отношения длины зерновки к ширине, GS3RGS1 и RM505 в качестве маркеров выбора. Все исследования представляют собой непрерывный процесс с целью выхода на максимально возможный уровень реализации высоких параметров качества продукции из риса.

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