Грибные патогены растений: расшифровка механизмов фузариозного увядания

Несовершенные грибы вида Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) относятся к числу самых опасных почвенных патогенов, вызывая фузариозное увядание и корневые гнили более чем у 100 видов растений по всему миру. Некоторые штаммы патогена способны также поражать организмы животных и человека с ослабленным иммунитетом. В связи с этим особую важность представляет изучение молекулярных механизмов, ассоциированных с вирулентностью патогена и иммунным ответом растения на разных стадиях развития заболевания. Процесс обнаружения потенциального хозяина патогеном и все стадии развития инфекционного процесса включают в себя широкий репертуар специфических сигнальных молекул, эффекторных белков, рецепторных комплексов, а также взаимосвязанных и перекрывающихся сигнальных путей. Растения, в свою очередь, выработали сложную систему защиты, чтобы противостоять этой атаке: они тоже обладают комплексными механизмами на молекулярном уровне, которые, будучи запущенными в результате атаки патогена, передают сигналы для активации защитного ответа. В данном обзоре мы рассматриваем основные из известных на сегодняшний день молекулярные механизмы взаимодействия Fo с хозяином в системе «растение–патоген»: с момента обнаружения растения и направленного роста гиф патогена, обусловленного реакцией хемотропизма, и до сложных взаимодействий на уровне иммунного ответа и специфических тактик его подавления со стороны гриба. Обзор включает разделы, посвященные динамике заражения растений Fo, рассмотрению особенностей организации генома патогена и его геномного разнообразия, иммуннoму ответу растений и тактике его подавления патогеном, а также анализ основных известных эффекторных молекул патогена и связанных с ними транскрипционных факторов. Отдельное внимание уделено специальной форме Fo, поражающей растения льна (Linum usitatissimum L.).

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