Стволовые клетки растений: единство и многообразие

Стволовые клетки – недифференцированные клетки многоклеточных организмов, способные делиться, самообновляться и дифференцироваться. Несмотря на существующие различия свойств, у всех многоклеточных организмов можно выделить общие принципы существования стволовых клеток. У растений стволовые клетки находятся в меристемах – структурах, обеспечивающих непрерывный рост растения и предоставляющих материал для образования различных специализированных тканей. Выделяют разнообразные типы меристем: апикальные – побега и корня, латеральные (прокамбий, камбий, перицикл), а также так называемые нерегулярные, развивающиеся при определенных условиях (каллус, меристемы симбиотических клубеньков, спонтанные и патоген-индуцированные опухоли и т. д.). Для каждой из меристем выявлены специфические механизмы регуляции, для которых характерно взаимодействие фитогормонов и основных групп транскрипционных факторов. Активность меристем обусловлена двумя противоположных процессами: пролиферацией и самообновлением стволовых клеток в центральной части меристемы и дифференцировкой специализированных клеток на периферии. Системы WOX-CLAVATA – консервативный для разных меристем регуляторный компонент, который обеспечивает размер и постоянство состава меристемы, а также баланс пролиферации и дифференцировки стволовых клеток. В обзоре рассмотрены сходство и различие принципов организа- ции ниш стволовых клеток у растений и животных, а также в разнообразных меристемах высших растений; особое внимание уделено роли систем WOX-CLAVATA в поддержании меристем и их взаимодействию с другими меристемными регуляторами.

стволовые клетки, меристемы, WOX, CLE-пептиды, LRR-киназы, апикальные меристемы, камбий, перицикл, каллус, опухоли, клубеньки

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