Мобилизация, сохранение и изучение генетических ресурсов культивируемого и дикорастущего картофеля

Сегодня в крупнейших картофельных генбанках мира, включая мировую коллекцию картофеля ВИР, хранится около 98 тыс. образцов картофеля и его диких родичей. Этот генофонд, накапливавшийся на протяжении почти столетия, представляет собой огромное генетическое разнообразие клубнеобразующих видов рода Solanum L., имеющего огромное значение для фундаментальных и прикладных научных исследований и для продовольственной безопасности человечества. Генные банки картофеля и других сельскохозяйственных растений выполняют три весьма важные задачи: постоянное пополнение коллекционного материала; обеспечение его сохранности при помощи разных способов хранения (семенное размножение и хранение в вегетативном состоянии); его всестороннее использование в фундаментальных и прикладных исследованиях для решения вопросов повышения эффективности сельскохозяйственного производства. Выполнение вышеперечисленных задач в генбанках и научных организациях большинства стран, занимающихся хранением, изучением и использованием гермоплазмы картофеля, позволяет получать довольно высокие результаты как в области биологии картофеля, так и в области улучшения продовольственных качеств культуры. Вместе с тем пути выполнения обозначенных трех задач нуждаются в усовершенствовании в связи с произошедшим за многие десятилетия прогрессом, в частности в области фундаментальных и прикладных наук. В настоящей работе дан краткий анализ состояния дел в области сохранения, изучения и использования генетических ресурсов картофеля и его диких родичей в отечественной и зарубежной селекции, а также рассмотрены пути решения проблем в этих направлениях. Большим прорывом сегодня является использование молекулярно-генетических методов в генотипировании коллекционного материала для целей идентификации и инвентаризации коллекционных образцов в генных банках, а также для использования материала в фундаментальных и прикладных исследованиях, в том числе в селекционных программах. Координация усилий по сбору диких видов картофеля, которые отсутствуют в коллекциях или представлены малым числом образцов, а также обмен материалом и информацией о нем будут способствовать расширению как генетического разнообразия в генбанках, так и знаний о биологических особенностях картофеля.

картофель, коллекция, генетические ресурсы, изучение, методы, признаки, вид, селекция, сорт

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