Межвидовые гибриды картофеля как доноры долговременной устойчивости к патогенам

Межвидовая гибридизация – основной метод селекции картофеля на устойчивость к патогенам. В результате интрогрессии генетического материала видов рода Solanum L. и отбора наилучших комбинаций удается совместить в одном генотипе высокую продуктивность с устойчивостью к болезням и вредителям. Наибольшие успехи интрогрессивной селекции картофеля связаны с созданием сортов, устойчивых к Phytophthora infestans, Y вирусу картофеля и Globodera rostochiensis. В родословных современных сортов (се- лекционных линий), устойчивых к патогенам, присутствует генетический материал Solanum andigenum, S. demissum, S.stoloniferum, S. acaule, S. vernei и других дикорастущих и культурных видов картофеля. Селекционная ценность клубненосных видов Solanum зависит от их совместимости с культурным картофелем и характера наследования целевого признака. Для преодоления несовместимости при скрещивании применяют гибридизацию с изменением уровня плоидности скрещиваемых форм, метод посредника или различные клеточные технологии. Для селекции на основе межвидовых гибридов картофеля особое значение имеют выявление перспективного исходного материала, контроль за переносом целевых признаков в процессах скрещивания, отбор гибридных клонов, рекомендуемых для практической селекции, и определение их донорских способностей. Все эти процессы можно значительно ускорить и усовершенствовать при использовании методов маркер-опосредованной селекции. Селекционные клоны и сорта, созданные методом межвидовой гибридизации, отличаются высокой степенью разнообразия генотипов и отдельных генов и служат уникальными донорами для создания новых сортов с высокой и долговременной устойчивостью к болезням и вредителям.

картофель, межвидовые гибриды, R-гены, селекционные доноры, фитофтороз, вирусы, нематода

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