Цитоплазматическая мужская стерильность и перспективы ее использования в селекционно-генетических исследованиях и семеноводстве картофеля

Возрастающий интерес к цитоплазматической мужской стерильности (ЦМС) и поиску генов восстановления фертильности пыльцы (Rf) у картофеля обусловлен появлением нового направления в современной селекции этой важной культуры, которое заключается в создании гетерозисных гибридов, полученных от скрещиваний инбредных диплоидных линий. В статье дается обзор основных результатов исследований генетических систем ЦМС-Rf, проведенных на разных видах культурных растений, обсуждаются современные подходы к изучению молекулярных механизмов ЦМС и восстановления фертильности пыльцы, а также имеющиеся на сегодняшний день литературные данные по состоянию этих исследований у картофеля. Рассматривается природа химерных митохондриальных генов, обусловливающих цитоплазматическую мужскую стерильность, обсуждаются особенности структуры и функции генов восстановления фертильности пыльцы; приведены примеры генетических систем ЦМС-Rf у культурных видов растений, в том числе у представителей семейства пасленовых. Освещаются основные результаты исследований молекулярных механизмов ЦМС и восстановления фертильности в постгеномную эру, полученные на разных видах растений с использованием методов транскриптомного и протеомного анализов. Как и у большинства видов растений, у картофеля признак цитоплазматической мужской стерильности имеет гибридную природу. Рассматриваются результаты исследований генетического контроля мужской стерильности у картофеля, которые были выполнены с использованием традиционных подходов (гибридологического анализа) и привели к формированию концепции генно-цитоплазматической мужской стерильности ряда видов секции Petota рода Solanum. Дана характеристика различных типов цитоплазм картофеля, ассоциированных с проявлением мужской стерильности. Согласно классификации Hosaka, Sanetomo (2012), они включают: Т/бета, W/гамма и D, каждый из которых отличается по фенотипическому проявлению признака мужской стерильности, а также по частоте встречаемости в генофонде селекционных сортов и у разных видов картофеля. Представлены результаты исследований по разработке ДНК-маркеров для идентификации различных типов цитоплазм картофеля.

цитоплазматическая мужская стерильность, гены Rf, Solanum, картофель, гибридизация

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