Перспективы метаболомных исследований растений картофеля

По данным FAO, картофель представляет собой четвертую по объемам производства продовольственную культуру после риса, пшеницы, кукурузы и первую среди клубнеплодных и корнеплодных культур. Он служит ценным источником углеводов, антиоксидантов и витаминов. Огромное число работ сфокусировано на изучении метаболических процессов, происходящих в растениях картофеля, с тем чтобы расшифровать механизмы, отвечающие за продуктивность и накопление соединений, определяющих вкусовые и питательные качества, продолжительность периода покоя клубней, устойчивость растений и др. Результатом функционирования метаболических сетей является совокупность метаболитов, которую принято называть метаболомом. Комплексные исследования метаболического разнообразия с применением самых современных методов хроматографического анализа и детекции индивидуальных соединений выявили специфичность метаболомных спектров от субклеточного до организменного уровня, удивительную пластичность этих спектров при действии самых разнообразных факторов среды и внутренних стимулов. Уже сейчас метаболомные методы используют для фенотипирования линий, сортов и образцов диких и культурных видов картофеля, для изучения устойчивости растений к факторам окружающей среды и оценки изменений, происходящих в клубнях в процессе хранения. Метаболомный анализ активно применяется для изучения отличий генетически модифицированных форм картофеля от исходных растений. Даже небольшое число системных исследований, проведенных к настоящему времени и сочетающих оценку метаболома с изучением генома, транскриптома и протеома, указывает на значимую роль генетических факторов в определении интенсивности метаболизма растений картофеля. Очевидно, что поиск биохимических маркеров зависит от стандартизации методов выращивания, пробоподготовки и последующего анализа, от тех унифицирующих подходов, которые позволили достичь огромного прогресса в геномных и транскриптомных исследованиях. В перспективе анализ метаболома картофеля может дополнить традиционные и молекулярно-генетические методы селекции, направленные на создание новых гибридов, доноров ценных признаков, инбредных линий и сортов.

картофель, метаболомика, системная биология, селекция

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