Развитие селекции яровой твердой пшеницы в России (странах бывшего СССР), результаты и перспективы

В статье представлен исторический обзор введения в культуру, распространения и селекции яровой твердой пшеницы в степных и лесостепных регионах Евразии (страны бывшего СССР – Россия, Украи на, Казахстан). Приведены подходы и методология улучшения твердой пшеницы по периодам научной селекции. Рассматриваются особенности реализации программ и расширения масштабов селекции во время организации селекционных станций в начале ХХ в., после завершения Великой Отечественной войны, во второй половине ХХ в. и в настоящее время. Представлена характеристика по основным признакам и свойствам созданных в разные периоды сортов. Анализируются достижения классической селекционной методики путем сравнения старых и новых сортов. Дана оценка эффективности и темпов селекции в разных регионах России. Приведены результаты и методы селекции на урожайность, устойчивость к засухе, болезням листьев ( Stagonospora nodorum Berk., Septoria tritici (Roeb. et Desm.), Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker, Pyrenophora tritici repentis (Died.) Drechs., Fusarium sp., Puccinia titicina Eriks., Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks., Blumeria graminis (DC.) f. sp. tritici Em. Marchal.), патогенам зерна Ustilago tritici (Pers.) Rostr.) и патогенам, вызывающим потемнение зародыша и эндосперма (B. sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker, Alternaria tenuis (Nees et Fr.), Аlternaria triticina (Prasada & Prabhu)), вредителям (Cephus pygmeus Lens, Osinosoma frit L., Mayetiola destructor (Say)), по качеству зерна (содержание белка, желтых пигментов, реологические свойства теста, устойчивость к прорастанию) и конечных продуктов. Оцениваются перспективы применения в ближайшем будущем молекулярных маркеров в селекции по ряду признаков.

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