История, современное состояние и генетическая характеристика локальных пород крупного рогатого скота Республики Казахстан

В этой работе мы представляем обзор истории происхождения, текущего состояния и генетических особенностей пород крупного рогатого скота (КРС) Казахстана. Отражена информация о современном состоянии разведения, в том числе о пяти наиболее популярных локальных породах – казахской белоголовой, аулиекольской, алатауской, аулиеатинской и калмыцкой, в рамках их производственной и экономической значимости. Приведен обзор генетических исследований по этим породам, направленных на выявление их уникальных характеристик, генетического разнообразия и генов, находящихся под давлением отбора, а также ДНК-маркеров экономически важных и продуктивных признаков казахстанских пород КРС. Представлены также оригинальные данные по особенностям генетической структуры казахской белоголовой и алатауской пород на основе результатов полногеномного генотипирования однонуклеотидных полиморфизмов. Описаны уникальные генетические компоненты, характеризующие эти породы КРС Казахстана, и проведено их сравнение с генетической структурой популяций этих же и других пород из Российской Федерации. Структурный анализ показал, что казахская белоголовая порода содержит генетические компоненты герефордской и калмыцкой пород, а также алтайского скота. Алатауская порода имеет композитную структуру и содержит компоненты бурой швицкой, браунви, калмыцкой и голштинской пород. Результаты демонстрируют генетическое разнообразие и особенности пород КРС Казахстана, развитие и текущее состояние скотоводства в стране, а также подчеркивают необходимость более детальных исследований для выявления генетических маркеров адаптации и экономически важных признаков местных пород.

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