Цитогенетические особенности межродовых амфидиплоидов и геномно-замещенных форм пшеницы

Синтетические межродовые гибриды (амфидиплоиды) и геномно-замещенные формы пшеницы – важный источник для переноса хозяйственно ценных генов от диких видов в геном Triticum aestivum L. Их используют как для решения теоретических задач, так и в практических целях для получения дополненных или замещенных линий, а также для индукции пшенично-чужеродных транслокаций с помощью облучения или негомологичной конъюгации хромосом. Хромосомный и геномный состав аллополиплоидных форм обычно верифицируется в ранних гибридных поколениях, часто дальнейшая судьба этих гибридов остается неизученной. В настоящей работе с помощью методов С-дифференциального окрашивания хромосом по Гимза и флуоресцентной гибридизации in situ (FISH) с ДНК-зондами pAs1 и pSc119.2 мы провели исследование кариотипов пяти гекса- (2n = 6x = 42) и октаплоидных (2n = 8x = 56) геномно-дополненных амфидиплоидов пшеницы с отдельными видами из родов Aegilops, Haynaldia и Hordeum, а также шести гексаплоидных пшенично-эгилопсных геномно-замещенных форм, полученных более 40 лет назад и поддерживаемых в коллекциях разных научноисследовательских учреждений. Показано, что большинство исследованных форм цитогенетически стабильны, однако Авродес (геном BBAASS) – гексаплоидный геномно-замещенный гибрид пшеницы и Ae. speltoides, расщеплялся по хромосомному составу после многих репродукций. Хромосомный анализ не подтвердил ожидаемого геномного состава геномно-замещенной форма Авротата, у которой вместо заявленного N-генома от Ae. uniaristata Vis. обнаружен D-геном. В данной работе показано, что октаплоидные формы проходят через более сложные преобразования геномов, чем гексаплоидные: в двух исследованных предположительно октаплоидных амфидиплоидах АD 7, АD 7147 произошла редукция числа хромосом до гексаплоидного уровня. У  обеих форм были утрачены семь пар хромосом из разных родительских субгеномов, представляющих все семь гомеологических групп. В результате у них сформировался смешанный (гибридный) геном, состоящий из уникальной комбинации хромосом нескольких родительских субгеномов.

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