Эволюция вида Ovis aries

Овца – одно из первых одомашненных животных в неолитической Юго-Западной Евразии. Представленное исследование позволяет предположить, что одомашнивание овец произошло на Анатолийском плато, к северо-западу от общепринятых границ Плодородного полумесяца, а не внутри них. Однако многие аспекты процесса доместикации (конкретное место, время и история после доместикации) остаются до конца невыясненными. В обзоре подробно рассматривается филогенез, прослеживается основная роль азиатского муфлона (Ovis gmelini) как предка, а также обсуждаются спорные аспекты вклада других диких видов Ovis, раскрывается история интродукции и миграции овец в мире, обобщается современное научное понимание филогенетических связей между популяциями диких муфлонов и домашних овец (Ovis aries). Рассматриваются многогранный процесс приручения, обсуждаются предлагаемые эволюционные механизмы, такие как синдром одомашнивания, и гипотезы о гормонах щитовидной железы, а также опосредованный человеком отбор ключевых фенотипических признаков. В статье анализируются результаты, полученные с помощью различных генетических маркеров, включая гаплогруппы митохондриальной ДНК. Филогенетический анализ с использованием митохондриальной ДНК был успешно применен для выявления филогеографических закономерностей и времени дивергенции с раннего неолита и до средневековья, миграции овец из центра одомашнивания в Азию, Европу и Африку. Одомашненные овцы, пережившие и выдержавшие экстремальные изменения климата, происходившие в последний послеледниковый период, стали родоначальниками современных местных пород овец. Начиная с седьмого тысячелетия до нашей эры одомашненные овцы были завезены на Кавказ, в Центральную Азию и Европу. Распространение овец в Азии началось с Ближнего Востока на Монгольское плато и Индийский субконтинент, затем на север и юго-запад Китая. В России, территория которой занимает значительную часть Евразии, выведено уникальное породное разнообразие овец, при этом гаплогруппа B типична для пород овец европейского типа происхождения (западные географические регионы), а гаплогруппа A – для овец азиатского типа (восточные географические регионы).

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