Создание тритикале с фиолетовой окраской зерна

Зерна злаковых культур с фиолетовой окраской отличаются высокой антиоксидантной активностью благодаря содержанию антоцианов в оболочке и представляют интерес для производства полезных продуктов питания. Однако у тритикале пока не выведены формы с богатой антоцианами фиолетовой окраской зерна. Цель настоящей работы – получение с использованием маркер-вспомогательной селекции новых форм пшенично-ржаных амфиплоидов с фиолетовой окраской зерна и сравнительная оценка их по содержанию антоцианов и показателям продуктивности. Определение генотипа гибридов тритикале Садко (× Triticosecale Wittmack) с фиолетовозерной линией полбы 27-3/17 (T. dicoccum (Schrank) Schuebl.) проводили с применением молекулярных ДНК-маркеров. У всех гибридов F₃, имеющих фиолетовую окраску зерна, установлено наличие двух комплементарно действующих доминантных генов, Pp3 и Pp-B1, отвечающих за повышенное содержание антоцианов в зерне. В последующих поколениях растения пшенично-ржаных амфиплоидов имели фиолетовую окраску зерна. Общее содержание антоцианов в цельнозерновой муке гибридов варьировало от 36 до 529.3 мкг/г. Высокое содержание определено у образца 2-1-6-6 (529.3 мкг/г). На уровне контроля (полба – 382.6 мкг/г) были образцы 2-1-1-4е, 2-1-5-10а и 2-1-6-4б. Растения гибридов F_5–6 обладали типичным фенотипом гексаплоидных тритикале. По длине колоса и количеству колосков превышали показатели полбы. Число зерен колоса у гибридов было меньше, чем у контроля тритикале Садко, и достигло в среднем 28.0 и 34.4 шт. в 2024 и 2025 гг. соответственно. Масса 1000 зерен фиолетовозерных семей тритикале в 2025 г. была на уровне материнской формы Садко и составила в среднем 47.6 г. Средняя урожайность с единицы площади у гибридов (470 г/м²) в 2025 г. была выше, чем у полбы (306 г/м²), но ниже, чем у Садко (584 г/м²). Таким образом, получен селекционный материал фиолетовозерных форм тритикале, по ряду признаков схожий с материнской формой тритикале Садко, но отличающийся от отцовской формы полбы – донора фиолетовой окраски зерна.

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